--- /dev/null
+/* Blink without Delay
+
+ Turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to a digital
+ pin, without using the delay() function. This means that other code
+ can run at the same time without being interrupted by the LED code.
+
+ The circuit:
+ * LED attached from pin 13 to ground.
+ * Note: on most Arduinos, there is already an LED on the board
+ that's attached to pin 13, so no hardware is needed for this example.
+
+
+ created 2005
+ by David A. Mellis
+ modified 8 Feb 2010
+ by Paul Stoffregen
+ modified by eaman
+
+ This example code is in the public domain.
+
+
+ http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BlinkWithoutDelay
+ */
+
+// constants won't change. Used here to
+// set pin numbers:
+const int ledPin = 13;
+
+// Variables will change:
+int ledState = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+long previousMillis = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+
+// the follow variables is a long because the time, measured in miliseconds,
+// will quickly become a bigger number than can be stored in an int.
+const long interval = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
+
+void setup() {
+ // set the digital pin as output:
+ pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop()
+{
+ // here is where you'd put code that needs to be running all the time.
+
+ // check to see if it's time to blink the LED; that is, if the
+ // difference between the current time and last time you blinked
+ // the LED is bigger than the interval at which you want to
+ // blink the LED.
+
+ if (millis() > previousMillis + interval) {
+ // Aggiorniamo il contatore previousMillis
+ previousMillis = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledState == LOW)
+ ledState = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledState = LOW;
+ // e' possibile semplificare questa operazione?
+ // Hint: lo stato del LED e' binario: ha solo due stati possibili.
+
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Domande
+ 1. Aggioungere un LED che brilli ogni 500ms
+ 2. E' ora agevole cambiare gli intervalli dei due LED?
+ Modificare gli intervalli dei due led (es 500ms - 320ms)
+ */
--- /dev/null
+/* Blink without Delay - due led
+
+ Turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to a digital
+ pin, without using the delay() function. This means that other code
+ can run at the same time without being interrupted by the LED code.
+
+ The circuit:
+ * LED attached from pin 13 to ground.
+ * Note: on most Arduinos, there is already an LED on the board
+ that's attached to pin 13, so no hardware is needed for this example.
+
+
+ created 2005
+ by David A. Mellis
+ modified 8 Feb 2010
+ by Paul Stoffregen
+ modified by eaman
+
+ This example code is in the public domain.
+
+
+ http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/BlinkWithoutDelay
+ */
+
+// constants won't change. Used here to
+// set pin numbers:
+const int ledA = 13; // Primo LED
+const int ledB = 12; // Secondo LED
+
+// Variabbili di stato
+int ledStateA = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+int ledStateB = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+
+long previousMillisA = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+long previousMillisB = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+
+// the follow variables is a long because the time, measured in miliseconds,
+// will quickly become a bigger number than can be stored in an int.
+long intervalA = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
+long intervalB = 500; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
+
+void setup() {
+ // set the digital pin as output:
+ pinMode(ledA, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(ledB, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop()
+{
+// Primo LED
+ if (millis() > previousMillisA + intervalA) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisA = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledStateA == LOW)
+ ledStateA = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledStateA = LOW;
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledA, ledStateA);
+ }
+
+// Secondo LED
+ if (millis() > previousMillisB + intervalB) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisB = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledStateB == LOW)
+ ledStateB = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledStateB = LOW;
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledB, ledStateB);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Domande
+ 1. Provare a isolare il codice per accendere ogni singolo led in una funzione:
+ - Quali variabili determinano il comportamento del LED?
+ - Come cambiano durante il corso dello script?
+ - Sono globali o locali?
+ - Quali parti vanno eseguite una sola volta e quali a ogni esecuzione?
+ */
+
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/* Blink without Delay
+
+ Blink con funzione
+
+ Soluzione: Provare a isolare il codice per accendere ogni singolo led in una funzione:
+
+ - Quali variabili determinano il comportamento del LED?
+ - Come cambiano durante il corso dello script?
+ - Sono globali o locali?
+
+ */
+
+/////////////
+// First LED
+const int ledA = 13; // the number of the LED pin
+// Variables will change:
+int ledStateA = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+long previousMillisA = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+// the follow variables is a long because the time, measured in miliseconds,
+// will quickly become a bigger number than can be stored in an int.
+long intervalA = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
+void lightLedA () ;
+
+//////////////
+// Second LED
+// Now with less global variables thanks to static (see function body)
+const int ledB = 12; //Secondo LED
+ // ledState used to set the LED
+long previousMillisB = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+ // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)
+void lightLedB () ;
+
+
+void setup() {
+ // set the digital pin as output:
+ pinMode(ledA, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(ledB, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop()
+{
+ lightLedA();
+ lightLedB();
+}
+
+
+// Funzioni:
+
+void lightLedA () {
+ if (millis() > previousMillisA + intervalA) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisA = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledStateA == LOW)
+ ledStateA = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledStateA = LOW;
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledA, ledStateA);
+ }
+
+}
+
+void lightLedB () {
+ long intervalB = 500;
+ static int ledStateB ; // https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Static
+ if (millis() > previousMillisB + intervalB) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisB = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledStateB == LOW)
+ ledStateB = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledStateB = LOW;
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledB, ledStateB);
+ }
+}
+
+
+/* Domande
+ 1. Modificare le funzioni in modo che accettino come parametro
+ l'intervallo di lampeggio.
+
+ */
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/* Blink without Delay
+ Soluzione
+
+ Introdotto un argomento per la funzione che nodifica l'intervallo di lampeggio
+
+ */
+
+// First LED
+int ledA = 13; // the number of the LED pin
+// Variables will change:
+int ledStateA = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+long previousMillisA = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+
+// Second LED data
+int ledB = 12; //Secondo LED
+int ledStateB = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+long previousMillisB = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+
+void setup() {
+ // set the digital pin as output:
+ pinMode(ledA, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(ledB, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop()
+{
+ lightLedA(333);
+ lightLedB(500);
+}
+
+//////////////
+// Funzioni
+
+void lightLedA (int interval) {
+ // Illumina il ledA secondo un intervallo passato come argomento
+
+ if (millis() > previousMillisA + interval) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisA = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledStateA == LOW)
+ ledStateA = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledStateA = LOW;
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledA, ledStateA);
+ }
+
+}
+
+void lightLedB (int interval) {
+ // Illumina il ledB secondo un intervallo passato come argomento
+
+ if (millis() > previousMillisB + interval) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisB = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ if (ledStateB == LOW)
+ ledStateB = HIGH;
+ else
+ ledStateB = LOW;
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledB, ledStateB);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Approfondimenti
+- Quali similitudini ci sono tra le due funzioni?
+- Distinguere i dati comuni tra le due funzioni che ci servono per
+ far lampeggiare i LED
+- Distinguere i dati che caratterizzano un LED rispetto all'altro
+- Provare a integrare le variabili relative ai due LED dentro le
+ rispettive funzioni.
+- Sarebbe possibile scrivere una funzione che possa interagire con un LED qualunque?
+ ES: Come inpostare il PIN del LED? Come gestire lo stato del LED?
+*/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/* Blink without Delay - Pulizia
+
+Semplificato il ciclo condizionale, la seconda funzione non necessita
+di una variabile di stato per tracciare il LED.
+
+ */
+
+// constants won't change. Used here to
+// set pin numbers:
+
+// First LED
+const int ledA = 13; // the number of the LED pin
+// Variables will change:
+int ledStateA = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED
+long previousMillisA = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+
+// Second LED data
+const int ledB = 12; //Secondo LED
+// int ledStateB = LOW; // Possiamo leggere lo stato del registro del LED
+ // con digitalRead()
+long previousMillisB = 0; // will store last time LED was updated
+
+void setup() {
+ // set the digital pin as output:
+ pinMode(ledA, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(ledB, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop()
+{
+ lightLedA(1000);
+ lightLedB(500);
+}
+
+////////////////
+// Funzioni
+
+void lightLedA (int interval) {
+ // Illumina il ledA secondo un intervallo passato come argomento
+
+ if (millis() > previousMillisA + interval) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillisA = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ ledStateA = !ledStateA ; // Inverti il LED
+ }
+ digitalWrite(ledA, ledStateA);
+}
+
+void lightLedB (int interval) {
+ // Illumina il ledB secondo un intervallo passato come argomento
+
+ if (millis() > previousMillisB + interval) {
+ previousMillisB = millis();
+ digitalWrite(ledB, !digitalRead(ledB));
+ // Leggiamo direttamente il registro di ledB e scriviamo il suo opposto,
+ // questo ci permette di non dover avere una variabile per tracciare lo stato.
+ }
+}
+/* Domande:
+ 1. E' possibile avere una sola funzione che permetta di gestire
+ qualunque LED io voglia aggiungere?
+
+/* Approfondimenti
+ - integrazione tra funzioni e dati: programmazione a oggetti
+ - Uso di pointers per modificare dati esterni allo scope della funzione, static
+ - Uso di forme di dati strutturate (array, struct) per scambiare dati tra funzioni e programma
+ */
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/* Blink without Delay
+ Class: definizione di una classe LED.
+
+ L'oggetto LED integra i dati (proprieta') del led con i metodi (le funzioni).
+ */
+
+// Oggetti:
+class Lampeggiatore {
+ // Lampeggia un LED utilizzando millis()
+ // Variabili
+ int ledPin ; // il numero del LED pin
+ int ledState ; // stato attuale del LED
+ long interval ; // milliseconds di intervallo nel lampeggiare
+ long previousMillis ; // precedente cambio di stato
+
+ // Constructor: come viene instanziato un oggetto facente parte della classe
+public:
+ Lampeggiatore(int pin, long time)
+ {
+ ledPin = pin;
+ pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
+ ledState = LOW;
+ previousMillis = 0;
+ interval = time;
+ }
+
+// Una funzione facente parte di una classe prende il nome di "metodo" della stessa:
+ void Update () {
+ // Illumina il ledB secondo un intervallo passato come argomento
+
+ if (millis() > previousMillis + interval) {
+ // save the last time you blinked the LED
+ previousMillis = millis();
+
+ // if the LED is off turn it on and vice-versa:
+ ledState = !ledState ; // Inverti il LED
+ }
+ // set the LED with the ledState of the variable:
+ digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
+ }
+
+};
+
+// Instanziamo i due led dalla classe
+Lampeggiatore ledA(13, 1000);
+Lampeggiatore ledB(12, 500);
+
+void setup() {
+}
+
+void loop()
+{
+ledA.Update();
+ledB.Update();
+}
+
+/* Domande:
+ 1. Ogni quante volte viene eseguito il codice del loop per ogni millisecondo?
+ 2. Utilizzare un interrupt per richiamare Update()
+ Es: https://learn.adafruit.com/multi-tasking-the-arduino-part-2/overview
+ */
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+ Blink
+ Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
+
+ This example code is in the public domain.
+ */
+
+// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
+// give it a name:
+int led = 13;
+
+// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
+void setup() {
+ // initialize the digital pin as an output.
+ pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
+void loop() {
+ digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
+ delay(1000); // wait for a second
+ digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
+ delay(1000); // wait for a second
+}
+
+/* Domande
+ 1. Aggiungere un secondo LED e farlo brillare ogni 500ms
+ mentre il primo brilla ogni 1000ms
+ 2. Cosa succederebbe se dovessi anche leggere un input da un sensore / bottone?
+ */
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+ Blink due LED - Soluzione
+
+ Aggiungere un secondo LED e farlo brillare ogni 500ms
+ mentre il primo brilla ogni 1000ms
+
+ Massimo comun denominatore 1000 MCD 500 = 500ms
+ Durata Periodo = 500ms
+
+
+ Stati:
+
+ a | b Changes
+ ======== =========
+ 1 | 1 x | x
+ 1 | 0 | x
+ 0 | 1 x | x
+ 0 | 0 | x
+
+
+ */
+
+// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
+// give it a name:
+const int ledA = 13; //Primo LED
+const int ledB = 12; //Secondo LED, con resistenza
+
+// the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
+void setup() {
+ // initialize the digital pin as an output.
+ pinMode(ledA, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(ledB, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
+void loop() {
+ // Primo periodo
+ digitalWrite(ledA, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
+ digitalWrite(ledB, HIGH);
+ delay(500); // Minimo comun denominatore del periodo
+
+ // Secondo periodo
+ //digitalWrite(ledA, HIGH); // ledA non cambia
+ digitalWrite(ledB, LOW);
+ delay(500);
+
+ // Terzo periodo
+ digitalWrite(ledA, LOW);
+ digitalWrite(ledB, HIGH);
+ delay(500);
+
+ // Quarto periodo
+ //digitalWrite(ledA, LOW);
+ digitalWrite(ledB, LOW);
+ delay(500);
+}
+
+/* Domande
+ 1. Altro scenartio: fare brillare un LED ogni 300ms mentre il secondo brilla ogni 400m
+ 2. Aggiungere un terzo LED
+ */
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/* Knight Rider 1
+ * --------------
+ *
+ * Basically an extension of Blink_LED.
+ *
+ *
+ * (cleft) 2005 K3, Malmo University
+ * @author: David Cuartielles
+ * @hardware: David Cuartielles, Aaron Hallborg
+ See: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/KnightRider
+
+ Schema semplificato:
+ - http://lab.piffa.net/schemi/8_led_single_res_bb.png
+ - http://lab.piffa.net/schemi/8_led_single_res_schem.png
+ */
+
+int pin2 = 2;
+int pin3 = 3;
+int pin4 = 4;
+int pin5 = 5;
+int pin6 = 6;
+int pin7 = 7;
+int pin8 = 8;
+int pin9 = 9;
+int timer = 100;
+
+void setup(){
+ pinMode(pin2, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin3, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin4, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin5, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin6, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin7, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin8, OUTPUT);
+ pinMode(pin9, OUTPUT);
+}
+
+void loop() {
+ digitalWrite(pin2, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin2, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin3, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin3, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin4, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin4, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin5, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin5, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin6, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin6, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin7, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin7, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin8, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin8, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin9, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin9, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ // Ding! Mezzo giro
+
+ digitalWrite(pin8, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin8, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin7, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin7, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin6, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin6, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin5, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin5, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin4, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin4, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+
+ digitalWrite(pin3, HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pin3, LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+}
--- /dev/null
+/* Knight Rider 2
+ * --------------
+ *
+ * Array e uso dei cicli iterativi.
+ *
+
+
+ Schema semplificato:
+ - http://lab.piffa.net/schemi/8_led_single_res_bb.png
+ - http://lab.piffa.net/schemi/8_led_single_res_schem.png
+ */
+
+int pinArray[8] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9};
+int timer = 100;
+
+void setup(){
+ // we make all the declarations at once
+ for (int count=0;count<9;count++) {
+ pinMode(pinArray[count], OUTPUT);
+ }
+}
+
+void loop() {
+ for (int count=0;count<8;count++) { // 8 e' un numero magico
+ digitalWrite(pinArray[count], HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pinArray[count], LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+ }
+
+// Ciclo inverso: dall'alto in basso
+ for (int count=8;count>=0;count--) {
+ digitalWrite(pinArray[count], HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(pinArray[count], LOW);
+ delay(timer);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Domande:
+
+ 1. Come posso fare per saltare un elemento del loop?
+ 2. Come posso fare per uscire completamente dal loop?
+ 3. 8 e' un numero magico: come posso evitarlo?
+
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+.
+Soluzioni:
+ 1. utilizzare continue
+ 2. utilizzare break
+ 3. Utilizzare un variabile sarebbe gia' un inizio, ancora meglio estrarre il
+ valore tramite la funzione sizeof().
+Links:
+- http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_continue_statement.htm
+- https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Sizeof
+*/
+
+
--- /dev/null
+/*
+ For Loop Iteration
+
+ Demonstrates the use of a for() loop.
+ Lights multiple LEDs in sequence, then in reverse.
+
+ The circuit:
+ * LEDs from pins 2 through 9 to ground
+
+ Schemi:
+ - http://lab.piffa.net/schemi/8_led_single_res_bb.png
+ - http://lab.piffa.net/schemi/8_led_single_res_schem.png
+
+ http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ForLoop
+ */
+
+byte ledPins[8] = { // Domanda: cosa succede se uso int?
+ 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
+; //Array
+int timer = 100; // Pausa per far brillare i LED
+
+void setup() {
+ Serial.begin(9600);
+ // use a for loop to initialize each pin as an output:
+ for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < sizeof(ledPins); thisPin++) {
+ pinMode(ledPins[thisPin], OUTPUT);
+ Serial.print("Inizializzato pin n. ");
+ Serial.println( thisPin);
+ }
+
+ Serial.print("Dimesione array: ");
+ Serial.println(sizeof(ledPins));
+}
+
+void loop() {
+ // loop from the lowest pin to the highest:
+ for (int thisPin = 0; thisPin < sizeof(ledPins); thisPin++) {
+ Serial.print("Accensione pin n. ");
+ Serial.println(thisPin);
+ // turn the pin on:
+ digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ // turn the pin off:
+ digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW);
+ // Debug
+
+ }
+
+ // loop from the highest pin to the lowest:
+ for (int thisPin = sizeof(ledPins) -1 ; thisPin > 0; thisPin--) {
+ Serial.print("Accensione pin n. "); // Gli array sono indicizzati da 0
+ Serial.println(thisPin);
+ digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], HIGH);
+ delay(timer);
+ digitalWrite(ledPins[thisPin], LOW);
+
+ }
+}
projects / sketchbook_andrea / commitdiff